There are several things which could cause wear in an engine, even with oil providing between metal parts to prevent wear. Two things to remember:
- Oil breaks down over time. Brand new oil provides much better wear protection than does old oil.
- Also as oil gets older, more impurities become present. These impurities can cause wear whether or not the oil itself is providing space between the metal pieces.
Primarily with my second bullet, impurities can be anything from dirt grit to loose floating carbon. With enough of it in the oil, it can cause the wear you're talking about. Even if only a small bit of wear, throw in a few hundred thousand revolutions of the crankshaft and you'll see wear. Oil filters can do only so much. If they get "full" where there is too much back pressure, the filter itself can start letting unfiltered oil through, because dirty oil lubrication is better on an engine than no oil at all.
There's basically no difference from an F1 engine to a regular engine as far as what parts are more prone to wear. The main parts which will wear first/most are the rings, bearings, and seals. The huge difference is, an F1 engine is built to last a few hundred miles to cover the length of the race. It will then get rebuilt, or at a minimum torn down and inspected. A regular engine is built to last for a few hundred thousand miles (at least by today's standards). While the wear parts are the same, the amount of wear they'll see is far different.