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This is normal behavior. Closed loop is present during steady-speed operation, else it defaults to open loop. This site offers a well-summarized explanation: Closed Loop An average ECU using …

Yes, it is possible Albeit with some trade-offs. A modern-day road car is an amalgamation of several sub-systems, and electronics usually have an important role to play in them. The nice thing is th …

After consultation with a BMW forum, an expert in MS S52 reverse-engineering had this to say: As for why BMW has multiple knock maps - it's probably just because they could. Their engineers prob …

If by "generic" you mean OBD1 or OBD2, the answer seems to be no according to this website. On another web page the table indicates that it is "OBD0".

It might seem easy to integrate a sensor that detects the opening/closing of a mechanical thermostat's pintle (LVDT, for example) but here are some challenges which would need to be addressed: Cost …

In addition to the port being disconnected it is possible that the CEL bulb in the instrument cluster has blown, which would explain why you are not seeing it light up when the key is turned to Igniti …

Root Cause: probably a couple of things Sadly, I feel that there isn't enough data here to uncover the smoking gun, but I have realized some things upon reflection that can indicate what is probably …

Addressing some of your questions I can imagine (and please correct me if this is not possible) that the AFM provides invalid or slightly skewed readings to the ECU (Engine Control Unit) Absolutely, …

There is no need to reprogram the ECU This is for a couple of reasons: The engine barely feels a difference Contrary to what the name implies, a "free-flowing" intake impacts the pressure at the …

I have read everywhere that downstream O2 sensors aren't used by the ECU at all and are only used for emissions. How is this possible? There do exist fuel-injection control systems which actively …

To my knowledge, access to the ABS module will not be possible through a generic OBDII adapter. The most commonly available option for VW's of this era is a VAG-COM cable with RossTech software on a …

Here's how to decipher INPA lambdaintegrator Short-term fuel trim. Both banks have a short-term correction of 28%. This should settle down to 0% fairly quickly, so the fact that it stays red indicat …

For what it's worth, there is a way to access the instantaneous fuel flow rate inside the secret menu on this model. I know this is not exactly what you're after but this parameter has a very fast ref …

I think I have an answer But bear in mind that this is my assessment with the limited information at my disposal. I'll walk through my reasoning here. If someone finds a flaw in my logic then I'm al …